Abstract
In this paper, we have discussed
about the business and the IT alignment in the higher education (BITA). The aim of the paper is to look at the significance of the
BITA in the Higher education sector. As we have seen that higher education,
sector is not implementing much BITA in them but still critical review has been
added and the future implementations have noted. Business IT alignment
is the state in which the business organizations and the IT use each other to
achieve the objectives of the business. BITA is a
successful tool which is been introduced all over the world and it is a
successful ne because in it the Business strategies, implementations and the IT
are interlinked so that there would be better results found. The
financial performance is been improved, the marketplace competitiveness his
achieved through this. First the BITA have been explained in the detail and the
historic spin have been given as the authors have been discussed who have given
this concept. Further, the model and the functions have been discussed in the
details. If we look at the distinctive competitiveness then it includes the
main area of the business on which it is able to survive in the market. Every
business has some distinctive competencies on which they are in the market. The
4 quadrants and the 12 components have been explained in the paper, which were
given by the key authors of BITA in their strategic model. The four quadrants
of the models have been explained as the business strategy, the IT strategy,
Business infrastructure and the IT infrastructure. All the relationships
in-between the data have been given. The relationships have been explained in
the model. The results somehow show that there is too much importance of the
BITA ion the higher education. Some of the institutes in the higher education
have been used the alignment in the IT and they are successful. Some of the
sectors which are not been using BITA are not doing good in the sector that is
what it is been seen. The use of BITA in the higher
education sector would be increased so that it will be beneficial for the
higher education sector and the country. At the end Further the relationship of BITA with the
higher education have been mentioned in the detail and the analysis have been
done in this regard we have seen the gap in the discussion part.
Table of
contents
Introduction. 3
Business
strategy. 4
Business
infrastructure. 5
Information
Technology strategy. 5
Information
Technology Infrastructure. 5
Functional
integration. 6
Strategy
Execution. 7
Technology
Potential 7
Competitive
Potential 7
Service
Level 7
Organization
IT Infrastructure. 7
IT
Infrastructure Strategy. 7
IT
Organization Infrastructure. 8
Organization
Infrastructure Strategy. 8
BITA in
education organizations. 8
BITA in
Higher education. 9
Conclusion. 14
References. 16
Business and IT alignment in higher education sector
Business IT alignment is the
state in which the business organizations and the IT use each other to achieve
the objectives of the business. The financial performance is been improved, the
marketplace competitiveness his achieved through this. Some of the concepts
says that the alignment in between the business organizations and the IT so
that the financial performance and the objectives of the business could be
achieved (Hinkelmann, Gerber, & Karagiannis,
2016). There were many problems and differences in between both of the
categories like the business organizations and the IT. The main reason they do
not align together before was due to many differences in the culture,
objectives, incentives, performance and so on. BITA is
a successful tool which is been introduced all over the world and it is a
successful ne because in it the Business strategies, implementations and the IT
are interlinked so that there would be better results found.
If we look at the historic review
then we come to know that it and the businesses have
changed their perspective a lot. The concept was developed over a decade
by McLean and Soden, 1977; IBM, 1981; Earl, 1983; Mills, 1986; Brancheau and
Wetherbe, 1987; Parker and Benson, 1988; Henderson and
Venkatraman, 1990 and 1996; Dixon and John, 1991; Niederman, et. al.,
1991; Watson and Brancheau, 1991; Liebs, 1992; Luftman, Lewis & Oldach,
1993; Chan and Huff, 1993 With the passage of time the orientation in between
the IT and the business organizations have been taken place and more strategic
alignments have been seen in the past couple of years. It have been seen that
there are four domains of the strategic choice, which are IT strategy, Business
strategy, organizational process and infrastructure and IT, process and
infrastructure. There are some of the internal and external components also
which the model actually describes in the study. In
this Era, the alignment of IT and the business are very important.
Business
IT arrangement addresses the amount IT and business frameworks are in
concordance with each other. Arrangement results in an association between the
CIO and CEO in creating and accomplishing their methodologies and objectives.
Accomplishing arrangement prompts enhanced authoritative execution. Among the
few studies that concentrated on building up an instrument for measuring
business–IT arrangement, we found that the investigation of the most thorough.
Their instrument depended on the key arrangement development (SAM) model
created by Luftman (2004) which comprised of six development components:
correspondence, competency, administration, organization, innovation extension,
and abilities.
If we
talk about the good organizations then we come to know that the agile
organizations are successful in today’s world and the best thing what they do
is the IT interference in their business processes. By doing this the top
management become more efficient and quickly decides what to do and what not to
do. By looking at this, we come to know that it is an ongoing thing and
it needs to be implemented in the organizations so that the strategic fit can
be achieved. The IT and the business organizations must be in contact, they
should be aligned, and the competitive advantage can be seen in this regard. We
have seen in different sectors this strategy is been implemented and they are
successful in their businesses (Gu, 2012).
It is a
great challenge in the today’s world that everything is been changing so
rapidly that it is very difficult to align with the IT. There is a Strategic alignment
model, which have been given in the different studies. It actually has the four
quadrants and further it have three components in each quadrant. If we see the
alignment t in between all these twelve components then we can see that how they
all are aligned and how the IT and the business could be aligned. The basic
model is been divided in to two segments namely as one part for the business
and the second part for the IT. However, the models have been adopted from
(Henderson and Venkatraman, 1990).
The two components in the figure
we can see are the Business and the IT. By looking at the business part, we can
see the business strategy and the business infrastructure. On the other side,
we can see that there is IT and there are two quadrants, which are IT strategy
and the IT infrastructure indeed. In this component of business strategy, we
can see that there are three components, which lie in between it, which are
business governance, business scope and the distinctive strategies. In the
business scope, everything comes in it that actually affects the business, such
as products, services, markets, customers, suppliers, competitors, regulators
etc (Jim, 2015).
If we look at the distinctive
competitiveness then it includes the main area of the business on which it is
able to survive in the market. Every business has some distinctive competencies
on which they are in the market. This can be the human source, any business
strategy, any special business or so (Michael,
1997). The main aim in here is to compete other and if that is done then
it will be achieved. If we look at the third component of the business strategy
then it is the business governance. By looking at in depth, we come to know
that the relationships between the company management and the shareholders come
under this head. The regulations among the strategic business partners and the
government also includes in this component (Papp, 2004).
In the second quadrant which is
business infrastructure thee components lies. The components are the
administrative structure, human resource skills and the business process. In
the administrative structure, it tells that how business is being run. The
formulation has been told over here. The vertical, horizontal, matrix,
centralized or de centralized is been implemented in the business. In the business prices, all the activities
are involves that how business is being run, what are the requirements and what
needs to be done, in order to gain the competitive advantage for the business.
In the human resource component it deals with the all type of activities that
are been connected with the human resource directly or indirectly such as the
hiring, firing of the employee, payrolls, train, motivate etc (Papp, 2004).
By looking in the model, the
third quadrant is the IT strategy and it consists of three components namely
systematic competencies, technology scope and IT governance components. In the
IT scope simply the technologies and the applications lies in between that. In
the systematic competencies the major edge of the IT have been discusses that
how it is been different. If we look in to this component, which is IT
governance, and it includes the risks and the responsibilities, how to deal
with the business collaborates, taking care of the IT management so that
everything would stay in order (Papp, 2004).
In the model, the last quadrant,
which we can see, is the IT infrastructure.
It includes the three components, which are process, skills and
architecture. In the architecture part all the policies, applications, data
management integration and priorities come. In the process component, all the
processes have been described in here. The personal development to the
applications that needs to be managed and to take care of all the IT relates
things. The last component is the skills part and in here all the activities
which are been done as we talk about the IT have been discussed and it comes
under the skills part (Papp, 2004).
Business–IT
arrangement is a versatile procedure instead of an occasion. Accomplishing
arrangement requires a continuous exertion of key arranging, objective
realignment, and execution of best practice in supporting and molding business
procedures. While the greater part of the writing has concentrated on the fit
between firms is IT and business methodology, the arrangement issues should be
tended to at vital, strategic, and operational levels. Key arrangement meets an
associations’ future IT needs; strategic arrangement permits the association to
distribute its IT assets viably; operational arrangement guarantees adequacy
and productivity of IT in supporting the association’s operations every day (Wu, 2008).
The
significance of arrangement has been generally perceived and very much
recorded; nevertheless, numerous organizations today are still misaligned, and
this has prompted terrible disappointments, including crossed out or excess
tasks, frameworks that don’t address the issues of the business, disappointed
business clients, and high IS expenses. As (Holland and Skarke, 2001)
recommended, change in arrangement in numerous organizations today can be
ascribed to C-level officials’ better comprehension of the estimation of IT and
their dynamic support in IT basic leadership (economist.com,
2014). The top explanations behind misalignment included absence of a
nearby working relationship amongst IT and business, absence of powerful
prioritization of IT needs, powerlessness of IT to meet its duties, IT’s
absence of comprehension of business, absence of senior official backing of IT,
and absence of administration in IT administration. The five variables that
influenced the social measurement of IT arrangement recognized by Reich and
Benbasat (2010) included shared area learning amongst business and IT
administrators, IT usage achievement, correspondence amongst IT and business
officials, associations amongst business and IT arranging forms, and vital
strategies for success. (Hussin et al, 2014) exploration of 256 UK producing
firms found that the main considerations that affected arrangement were IT
development, specialized IT advancement, and the CEO’s product learning (Yang, 2003).
In this part, the linkage between
the model and the linkage will be explained so that we come to know in the
detail that what kind of alignment is there. The linkage between all the
components and the quadrants are necessary because nothing can work alone and
it needs to be integrated. Strategic fit is the first linkage and explained the
need of the business that what the position in the market place is. There are
eight different perspectives in the model, which will be separated, and they
will be combined with the different models so that the relationship and the
alignment can be seen (Kotler & Murphy,
1981).
In it, every prospect carries three different components, which can
be seen as they are showing the alignment between the components. The
components, which can be seen, are Pivot, Anchor and area of impact. In the
prospects where anchor is been placed it is shown the strongest area of the
business indeed. The Pivot actually
states the weak area of the business and the point which needs to be changed
with the re alignment. The area of impact is the point which is directly
impacted through the changes it also says the pivot area which have been done
through the re alignment (Ahmad, 2007).
The first point of view is the system
execution viewpoint. In this viewpoint, the grapple territory is business
methodology. The feeble zone is the business foundation, which is the thing
that should be changed. The subsequent range of effect is the data innovation
framework. This implies the data innovation design is going to experience
changes that must happen in view of changes in the business forms. This point
of view spotlights on data innovation arranging or change of the business (Kretovics, 2010). The objectives of this
point of view incorporate diminishing deferrals and mistakes, improving
administrations and sparing time (e.g. printed material steering or assignment
redefinition) (Henderson and Venkatraman, 1990).
The next point of view is the
innovation potential viewpoint. This point of view is additionally determined
by business procedure yet the turn is data innovation methodology. This
outcomes, in the data innovation foundation as the range of effect. This
demonstrates the estimation of data innovation and that its quality is its
fundamental commitment to the business’ last item or administration. The
relationship that exists between the business and its clients is key and the
data innovation procedure drives the point of view (Henderson and Venkatraman,
1990 and 1996).
The third point of view is the
focused potential viewpoint. The stay in this point of view is data innovation
procedure, the turn range is business methodology, and association foundation
is the affected space (Stokes, 2015).
This point of view spotlights on how developing new data advancements can
affect and empower new business systems. These new business techniques convey
an upper hand to the business in the commercial center (Henderson and
Venkatraman, 1990 and 1996).
The service level point of view
is the fourth individual viewpoint. In this point of view, the grapple is data
innovation system, the turn data, innovation foundation, and the region of
effect is hierarchical framework. The center of this point of view is the
manner by which data innovation can enhance the how the items and
administrations are conveyed. This point of view likewise evaluates how data
innovation can enhance the organizations own procedures. Dragging out this
point of view can bring about data innovation outsourcing (Henderson and
Venkatraman, 1990 and 1996).
The following point of view is
the association, data innovation, base viewpoint. The stay is association
foundation, the turn is data innovation base, and the affected space is data
innovation technique. This point of view results in procedure changes from data
innovation and the utilization of quality to the business forms (Papp, 2004).
Information technology,
infrastructure strategy is the following viewpoint. The center of this
viewpoint is the change of data innovation system taking into account the execution
of rising and existing data innovation frameworks. The stay of this point of
view is data innovation base, which drives the turn, data innovation technique,
and along these lines affecting business methodology (Papp, 2004).
The seventh point of view is the
data innovation, association base viewpoint. The stay of this point of view is
likewise IT foundation, with the turn being authoritative framework and the
effect territory being business system. Albeit like IT framework system, IT in
this point of view is the main impetus and engineer by which the dreams and
procedures are completed (Papp, 2004).
The last individual point of view
is the association framework, procedure viewpoint. Business framework is the
stay, business technique the turn, and IT system the influenced region. This
last point of view adventures the capacities to improve new items and
administrations, affect procedure, and grow new connections. It additionally
empowers improvement to business technique (the pivot) consequently changing
the IT methodology (Papp, 2004).
There is much importance of IT in the
educational sector as it is one of the most important sectors, which is to be
chosen. IT is been used in the teaching techniques which are very useful and
effective indeed (Gilbert, 1994). It is expected that with the IT alignments
students will perform better as they will have the maximum tools that they can
use. In this way, they will interact more with the teachers rather than to stay
focused on the lecture (Albrecht, 2004). The exploration for the students will
be unlimited as they are not bound and with the help of IT, they will be
discovering new things. However it is seen that the use of IT have not been
implemented at its full in the class rooms and the educational sectors which is
not a positive thing and need to be have a proper control so that students
could have the advantage of the IT in the educational departments (Alexander, 2000).
By
applying the hypothesis of learning incorporation, (Kearns and Sabherwal, 2009)
gave, an exhaustive system that inspected the relationship among coordination
conduct, arrangement, IT arranging and undertakings, and business influence of
IT. Their study affirmed that business–IT arrangement was impacted by IT
chiefs’ cooperation in business arranging and business supervisors’ interests
in key IT arranging. Besides, arrangement was observed to be emphatically
connected with the achievement of IT arranging and undertakings, which prompted
a positive business effect of IT. Luftman proposed a structure called vital
arrangement development (SAM) to survey the degree to which business and IT
capacities adjust. Concentrating on analyzing authoritative practices connected
with arrangement, SAM gives associations an apparatus to assess the development
of their key decisions and arrangement exercises and distinguish zones in which
they can accomplish a more elevated amount of arrangement. Ensuing exploration
incorporated a benchmark study by Luftman that utilized SAM at 50 Global 2000
organizations to make a benchmark for business–IT arrangement and recognize
particular suggestions for enhancing arrangement
(Altbach, 2011).
It is also seen that the use of
IT is maximum at the level of higher education system but still there are
couple of lacking in the systems, which needs to be reviewed. There are great
capabilities that can be used in the positive manner and that will be helpful
in the betterment of the higher education sector. The study by the ECAR says
that the IT aligns are well aligned in the higher education sector and that is
very good. There are some of the institutes, that are not very well aligned
with the IT but majority of them, which have been seen, are aligned. The ECAR study
has some of the results that they have brought. It has been seen that there is
much differences in between the higher educational level institutes. Some of
the main findings which states that the institutions are very much aligned with
IT are been given as
- The clear vision and the priorities
- The institutional IT plan have been published
- There is effective IT governance process
- Planning is the important part for the
institutions
- The dynamic environmental climates
- IT
strategic planning is been effective in the institutions
- There are
clear and documented objectives with respect to IT aligns
- There is great communication between the
teachers, shareholders and the management with respect to IT aligns
Review from the past
For the
case of the higher education, the recommended framework is the enterprise
architecture in which the competitive advantage is achieved through the
advantage means of the IT skills and the Business critical success factors (Barrow, 2011). The alignment is possible for
the successfully for the technological aspects and the business expertise in
the higher education system (Bowen, 2015).
In the non-commercial environment or in the higher education academic world the
relationship of the business and the IT has not achieved the remarkable results
as it supposed to be. In order to maintain the successful integration of the
BITA in the higher education the core compositions of the task forces units,
interdepartmental decision-making committees and the personnel liaison with the
activities or operations of the interdepartmental decision-making.
The
research has shown or highlighted the different issues of the integration of
the BITA with the systematic alignment of the higher education. The higher
education in some parts of the world as both the sections of the small
institutions of music or fine arts and the high-level research and the teaching
universities as well (Michael, 1997). .
the essence of the competitive advantage for the educational institutions or
the organization s while implementing the strategy of the BITA in the higher
education is to choose the dynamic model of the business success factors as
well as the critical technological technical training for the development of
the IT skills and the organizational success
(Niu, 2010). The environmental uncertainty in the higher education model
is causing the problems in the BITA largely since the results in the text have
related to the negative correlation dynamics (Kretovics,
2010).
According to the Henderson &
VENKATRAMAN, who were the pioneers of the alignment of the business and IT, it
is preferable that the transformation process in the business is necessary to
achieve the organizational success. The alignment of the business and the
technology in the higher education is possible only by imposing the condition
of the architecture of the enterprise in the positions that is fit into the
model of the organization. the identification and the reduction of the risks in
the alignment of the technology and the business tools in the higher education
is critically analyzed under the head of the risk model of the enterprise
framework.
The technical uncertainties are
identified and then reduced as the part of the evaluating techniques of the
structure of the organization as per the context of the system. the second risk
in this context is the organizational risk in which the skills, abilities and
the knowledge in the higher education is evaluated according to the
requirements of the alignment of the both technological revolutionaries and the
business skills of the personnel. The last uncertainty is the business risk in
which the evaluation of the feature or attributes of the business are made
according to the highly implementation or the adopting feature of the business.
Then the alignment is possible for the successfully for the technological
aspects and the business expertise in the higher education system (Bowen, 2015).
The leveraged means of strategic
investigation for the alignment of the business-IT especially in the education
sector or the higher education is achieved via the framework of the businesses
in strategically terms. In this way, the higher education would make the better
system for itself. This framework would be accepted in the intra industry
context to achieve the organizational success of the higher education. That is
why the core message behind the theory of the Henderson & VENKATRAMAN is
the relevant strategic framework (Gu, 2012).
The success of the IT is related to the condition that the senior most
authority in the higher education perceives that the success factors for the
skills of the IT would be responsible for the successful change in the
educational organizations.
The accomplishments can be
achieved only when these three critical factors in the educational organization
go hand with hand among each other. The corresponding structure of the
information system would ultimately develop and monitored that coordinates
these sets of activities with the alignment with these three critical factors.
The first issue is the organizational type and its status approach to the IT
critical success factors in the higher education. However, this issue is not as
much significant as the issue of the environmental uncertainty while aligning
the BITA in the higher education organizational structure. However, the size of
the organizations in higher education has not to do much with the alignment or
not affecting much the alignment of the BITA and that is according to the expected
results mentioned in various researches in these topics.
The explanation given for this
rational is clear that although the educational organizations vary in the size
or the enrollment of the students in the organization, they still possess the
same sought of organizational structure or the undifferentiated educational
organizations practices like the validation or selection the courses the
students want to study. The projects
could be assigned by the higher education with the IT approach to the appropriateness
of the funding and the business dimensions in the higher education. The higher
education in some parts of the world as both the sections of the small
institutions of music or fine arts and the high-level research and the teaching
universities as well (Michael, 1997). The
environment in all over the world plays an effective a un replacement diversion
that cannot be predicted. The contemporary settings of the business with regard
to the IT challenges they have to face is enormously revolutionaries. The
surprising part is that when and how in the higher education system, the model
of the dynamic variations is adjusted. For an instance, it is commonly said in
the literature review that the harmony among the IT sector and the decision-making
choices must be present in the higher education
(Lock, 2016).
when we talk about the countries
like the USA it is very essential for the students studying in the university
receiving the higher education, the training is the significant prospect that
completes the worthy of t he degree. The main proportions of the training in
the IT departments and the business critical
success factors allow the trainers and the students to have the critical
analysis in how the organizational success through the skills of the IT and the
business is necessary. the most important concept in this perspective is that
the elementary techniques that are bow a
day’s been involved by the business giants in their respective industry through
the dynamic ease of the core capabilities ort resources in the human resources
division are redirecting towards the technological revolutionaries framework
If the organizational culture were
strong for the institutions, which are indulged in providing the healthy non-fragile
IT skills for the technical knowledge seekers the growth of the institution
would be in the hands. The major thing that one cannot miss while implanting
the BITA in the higher education is the planning and monitoring phase of the
BITA in the system. It is very important for the researchers and the
authoritative personnel to check the right modules depending upon the
uncertainty of the system while enforcing the technological framework chosen by
the businesses in their business strategy. the main concerns of the higher
education providers is that the return on investment ROI would be at the
optimal point while incorporating the information system in the institutions.
however if the higher education feel at some point that the return on
investment or ROI is not in the prolonging range of the optimal level, the
difficulties could be the ultimate result (Wu,
2008).
Now the point that must be
considered at the serious way is that the returns that any organization
conceived always time consuming process and it is the universal reality, the
mission of the organizations in the majority of the industries is the fruitful
proofs in this scenario. The turning point of consideration through which the
game starts changing in the higher education comes when the major stakeholders
have the conflicting viewpoints in the information-sharing phase. The one
cannot judged the symptoms of the effectiveness of the BITA in the higher
education process until one should be aware of the all the detail study and the
knowledge seeking procedures. Consequently, what should be the great
decision-making influence over the entire debate that could be done thoroughly?
However, in this very case there are no as such turning threats, which can
provide the major harm to the entire educational, technological, and the
corporate world by the non-stigmatic abilities. The luxurious choices in the
advanced educational processes would be the very suitable choice if the major
breakthrough in the world of valuable IT culture. The knowledge of both the directions
of the picture is the core need of the situation when the communication and the
response of the individuals would be at the highest or maximum efficiency in
the mean terminologies of the BITA.
Significance of the BITA
The
studies have shown that if the alignment of the IT and the business in the
higher education is put together, the remarkable results could achieve. The
research has not received the significance in the alignment of the IT and the
business in the higher education. The increased organizational performance
would be the ultimate result if the IT core capabilities with the suitable
integration of the business skills were become the integral part of the
systematic approach of the higher education in the various institutions sin all
over the world (Jim, 2015).
However,
the size of the organizations in higher education has not to do much with the
alignment or not affecting much the alignment of the BITA and that is according
to the expected results mentioned in various researches in these topics. The
duty of the business decision-makers is equally strong as the duty of the IT
professional provide with the sufficient resources of the technical training.
Therefore, the clear side of both the pictures is the part of the analytical
analysis while aligning the business and the information technology in the
higher education. It is commonly said in the literature review that the harmony
among the IT sector and the decision-making choices must be present in the
higher education (Lock, 2016). The search for the solution as the BITA in
the higher education would ultimately lead to the organization towards the
improvement in the investments done in the technology advancements in the
institutions (Newman, 2015).
As we can
see that, there is much importance of the BITA in the higher education sector
as we have review the literature. This study is been conducted so that it could
be shown the significance and the details of the previous works that have been
done and what needs to be done now. We have seen the extensive literature in
the past that how BITA is been implemented in the different sectors and how it
should be implemented in the Higher education sector so that the positive
results could be found out. Further, we have seen that there are positive results
in the HE, which have implemented BITA fully, and there is some of the lacking
in the institutions, which have not implemented it fully so there is a gap and
that needs to be fulfilled. The further studies and implementations should be
there so that they could have the competitive advantage.
Let us try the different
methodology through which the ultimate goals in this approach of the BITA would
achieve in the higher education could be made. The one source is obvious that
the resulting intervening variable is the importance of the role of the
information technology towards the mutual ignoring methods. The sense of the
business version in the higher education is not the claim of the top-level
management but in the comprehensive way, the results would be the right sizing.
The term Holy Grail is used for the organizations of the education, which are
authentically integrating the business strategy along with the vision, or the
mission of the organization and the IT
culture of the higher educational organization. The main difference in both
these sectors is the integration according to the corporate or the business
culture of the IT industry. The logical reasoning is the liable relevant
technique in which few of the characteristics are the binary part of the
systems that we need no to analyze. The first distinguishing reference point is
the transformation process of the business model as the effective tool or
resource through the alignment of the information technology or the information
systems (Hotchkiss, 2016).
The tool, which is considered to be
the most reflexive in the transformation of the transformation of the
businesses using the valid IT structure, is the core demand of the contemporary
choices of the higher education contextual models. The services provided to the
major stake holders such as the customers in the marketing division of the
business is evaluated on the external dimension and the internal dimension so
that the capturing of the resources at the nice assertive side (Gu, 2012). The communication between the
business and the important stakeholders would refine in the highest capturing
pint and the chance of the occurrence of the loss would very lowest. The next
important feature is the rotation or the job rotation through using the resource
of the HR within the organization in which the idea of the cross-functional
team of the IT and the corporate professional are changed their positions on
the regular intervals. The interchange of the IT personnel at the significance
position in the higher education system with the personnel of the business
critical factors handling personnel’s would be the smoothening impact in a very
positive way to the organizational success.
There must be the minimum
requirements of the knowledge that must be possessed by the IT experts in
context to the business critical factors and similarly the knowledge minimum
criteria must be possessed by the business experts of the knowhow of the IT
tools or techniques at the sufficient level in the higher education systems. In
this way, the communication, which would be achieved, is the highest trademark
of the BITA result in the higher educations. The alignment by adopting these
characteristics the alignment would be completed in a way by the interrogative
style of the harmony between the two important units of the higher education,
which are the IT, and the business division. In short the attributes mentioned
in the above discussion are the pre-requisites of the achieving the true sense
of the alignment between the IT and the business in the higher education (Kretovics, 2010). The goal of this review
paper would be closed to the meetings requirement in the alignment of the IT
and the business in the educational organization providing the higher
education. The next attribute of the
BITA in the higher education is that the awareness to both the department of
the IT and the Business professional, which is the very significant factor,
mentioned in various places of the literature in context to the making money.
The startup approach of the
training and the awareness is very important in all the levels of the higher
education whole system analysis to have the sound version of the awareness and
the training providing facilities for both the IT and the business personnel in
an organization. when the employees working in the organization would able to
know the methods, approaches and the view points of the making o generating the
optimum revenue from the skilled approach of the IT skills and the knowledge
business development or growth is at the highest returning point stake. The
money for any organization is the most important indicator for the growth in
the institutions or organizational dynamics and therefore thee employees of the
company in the higher education organization would able to know the pros and
cons of the spending the useless and the beneficial money in the form of
investment in order to achieve the organizational success. In the rest of the characteristic,
we have analyzed the analytical reasoning such as the vibrant policies that are
the most part of the corporate culture especially in the less developed countries,
which are always willing to provide the higher education to its citizen in the well-organized
form.
(Sledgianowski
et al, 2002) created and approved an instrument to quantify development of IT
business arrangement in light of SAM. It utilizes the six classifications for
surveying arrangement. Taking into account how the association scores in these
classes, one of the five levels of vital arrangement development is doled out
to the association. The five procedure levels, are (from most reduced to most
noteworthy) Initial/Ad Hoc, Committed, Established Focused, Improved/Managed,
and Optimized. Other than serving as an instrument for arrangement appraisal
SAM is additionally a storehouse of best practices. Organizations ought to
embrace the best practices in SAM to enhance their arrangement.
Since
the SAM instrument had not beforehand been cross approved, our study took a
corroborative way to deal with cross-accept the instrument utilizing another
example. With a specific end goal to consider the relationship between IS key
arrangement and the six-arrangement development builds, we expected to look at
the exploration model. As of now, no exhaustive structure has been utilized to
inspect the components affecting a company’s IS key arrangement. The reason
behind our examination model is that different studies have analyzed
connections between IS vital arrangement and correspondence, coordinated
arranging practices, IT asset distribution, authoritative culture, and shared
space learning. These builds are predictable with the arrangement development
develops; consequently, we trust that by inspecting the relationship between
the six arrangement development develops we will build up a far-reaching model
of the forerunners of IS vital arrangement.
The essence of the position that
these educational institutions in the less developed countries choose should be
according the vibrant culture dynamics like in all over the world. the
practices in many of the educational organizations in the world for the higher
education is that the vibrant organizational culture enforces the IT skills and
the skills for the business operations are the equal interchangeable at the
times when the organizations required the results from the system. Therefore,
the great advantage of the vibrant corporate culture in the education sector is
that the unity of the information towards the internal matters of the
organization and the external approach or the inter-industry is the same (Yang, 2003). The lasting effects are the
gigantic for the higher education when they made the mind choosing the option
of the IT alignment with the business sector of the higher education. The establishment
of the decision-making skills among the employees and the controlling of those
decisions in the most effective way is the relevant or the useful part of the
discussion in the alignment of both the IT and the business in the higher
education. One cannot denial of the fact that the latest tools in the
decision-making approach are comprised of the redesigning of the work for the
higher rate of the accomplishments under the given circumstances. The
governance of their business partnerships and the IT governance must also have
the integration among each other so that the solid consolidation would be found
in the symmetric information transformation process (Hotchkiss, 2016).
Recent advancements and technologies
As we have seen that it is not an
old concept in this sector and that is the reason the implementation of BITA is
not been much implicated in the sectors. If we look on the Higher Education
then there is a problem that there is very less institutions, which are fully
observing the BITA in the institutes. However, some of the advancements can be
seen in this sector such as IT usage fully as everything is online and the
business decisions and the analytical part are connected to the IT. Some of the
technological advancements are also there so that there would be no problems related
IT (Hotchkiss, 2016). The best
technologies are been introduces but still what we see is the technologies are
still far to go. We have seen that the technologies, structure and the
processes are the three main components of the businesses. If they are
integrated then it will be easy to do the operations of the business because
everything would be linked and will be easy to go on with the advancements.
Future directions
As we can
see that, there is much importance of the BITA in the higher education sector
as we have review the literature. This study is been conducted so that it could
be shown the significance and the details of the previous works that have been
done and what needs to be done now. We have seen the extensive literature in
the past that how BITA is been implemented in the different sectors and how it
should be implemented in the Higher education sector so that the positive
results could be found out. Further, we have seen that there are positive
results in the HE, which have implemented BITA fully, and there is some of the
lacking in the institutions, which have not implemented it fully so there is a
gap and that needs to be fulfilled. The further studies and implementations
should be there so that they could have the competitive advantage.
If we conclude the discussion
then we can see that the different aspects of the business and IT alliances
have been discussed. The history has been discussed and the pioneers of the
study have been mentioned in the paper. Further, we can see that the strategic
fit model have been explained fully so that there would be no confusions left
and it have been explained in detail as well. If we look in to the
introduction, the business and IT alignment have been discussed many times. Te
educational sectors have been discussed that what the impact of BITA on the
educational institutes is. As we have seen from the different studies, we come
to know that there are many institutes, which have alignment with the
educational institutes. However still a big gap is there which do not have IT
aligns with the educational institutes and which is hurting them as they can be
in the better position if they would include in the sector and the institute.
The technology along with the
business expertise in the educational sector is the vital source of attaining
the competitive advantage within the industry of the academia for the specific
organization. The creative model in this perspective is the great exemplary
characteristic for the integration of the intra organizational sources. The
synergistic model in which, the new version of the leveraged competitive
advantage is achieved for the education institutions in the regard of the
higher study, Meeting the targets of the goals or objectives of the
organization through the alignment process, of the IT resources and the
business techniques. The model of the cross sectional approach, of the
collaborative teams in the view of highlighting the relevant resources, is in
the core positions for the distinctive activities, of the organization. The
concept of creating the value in the business model of the higher education
institutions is all depending on the alignment of the technology with the
useful corporate knowledge of the resources of the organization, which are the
workers or the employees. The strategic alignment of the IT and the business in
the higher education is the result of these factors.
We have further seen that the
impact and the relation of the BITA on the higher education. We have seen that
there is a great impact as the different studies have been reviewed and much of
the data have been extracted in this. We can clearly see that most of the higher
institutes have been using the Alignment between the businesses and the IT and
they are much successful in this as they have the latest technology and they
are doing good and up to the mark. Further, we have also experienced that some
of the institutes are not up to the mark in this sense as they are not using
any BITA in their higher education institutes and due to that, they are not
performing to well as compared to the other persons in the higher education
which are aligned with the IT.
The higher education has the huge
need in the contemporary context of building the portfolio management in which
the business and especially the IT skills are the core positions of the
significance in making the suitable and the right investments. The organizations
of the higher education should possess the proper analytical and reasoning
planning about the placement of the portfolio regardless of the size of the
organizations that as it is already stated in the above discussion about the
process and the structure of the higher education is more or less is same. The
change of management should be adjusted according to the strengths and the
weaknesses that are the viable tool in order to address the changes in the
environment. The span of control in the higher education settings must be
according to the projected sources required in the alignment process of the IT
with the business. No other choice would be acceptable at any level from the
experts in the relevant field, because of the dynamic view of the external resources.
If we see
that, we have discussed the implementations of the BITA in the higher education
sector and different sectors have been discussed too. We have also seen that
the institutions, which have implemented the BITA, are more successful than
those who have not. As the integration and the IT is been involved all the
systems work more efficiently and the competitive edge is been gained in this
case. However, there is very few works done in the higher education sector
regarding BITA. It needs to be improving so that there would be more
integration and this sector would become more and more successful in the coming
time.
There are different aspects,
which needs to be considered while doing alignment. There are many key
elements, which needs to come in between the data. The governance needs to be
checked at the both ends so that there would be no problems at all. All the systems
and the stakes of the owners need to be protected. In the scope and the
architecture the nature of the business is taken care of and the structure that
is been prevailed in the system needs to be checked and the important thing is
to look after at both ends. There should be good means of communication in
between the both business and the IT should be implemented correctly so that
there would be no problems in the system and it could be communicated
effectively.
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